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The Truth and Scope of al-ʿIlm al-Ḥuḍūrī … A. Hussain & M. Karimi (61
esteemed Ṭabāṭabāʾī, the stages of that my mental constructs are analogous
perception are categorized as follows: to or aligned with external entities. If I
• The stage of the normal operation of regard these constructs merely as
the sensory organs and the influence manifestations or dimensions of my
of the sensory organs cognition, without ascribing them to any
• Performing the sensory perception external reality, it becomes exceedingly
and understanding the physical and unlikely that they would serve as a
geometric properties of an object foundation for my misconceptions”
• Judgment in sensory perception and (Descartes, 1982, pp. 65-66, 74).
its conformity with the outside Descartes believes that truth and
• The stage of compliance with the ratio error lie only in affirmations,
and judgment and comparison with especially when we make judgments
the outside (Ṭabāṭabāʾī, 1998, p. 54). about the outside world.
Descartes has also addressed the issue Descartes posits that error arises
of truth and error in one of his from the notion that individuals believe
mediations in his book Reflections on in the existence of certain entities in the
First Philosophy. In this regard, he external world while simultaneously
wrote, “Regarding the concepts assuming that their mental
themselves, if we examine them in representations of these entities
isolation without referencing any perfectly align with reality.
external factors, they should not be 2. Ṭabāṭabāʾī and Spinoza
deemed errors. This is because the A notable similarity between the late
validity of either imagination, whether it Ṭabāṭabāʾī and Spinoza lies in their
be of a goat or a giant, holds equal dedicated focus on the mathematical
weight in truth. It is important to method within their philosophical
recognize that the potential for errors in texts. In works such as The Principles
actions or desires should not be a source of Philosophy and the Method of
of fear. I may wish for things that are Realism, as well as The Beginning of
either undesirable or entirely non- Wisdom and The End of Wisdom, the
existent. Nevertheless, the reality late Ṭabāṭabāʾī systematically defines
remains that I do have these desires. concepts, articulates principles, and
Therefore, the primary concern lies in elucidates the logical connections
the acknowledgments I must make, among various topics.
which require careful consideration to He has addressed this matter in one of
avoid any missteps. A prevalent and his publications. He states, “The late
significant mistake that can arise in the Bādkūbei, concerned with the education
context of affirmations is the assumption of the writer, instructed me to study
