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Elucidating the Behaviors of the Hypocrites in Medina… M. Bagheri Sadr (25
review on this topic should be sought later books discussing and condemning
in works that mention and analyze the the traits of hypocrites were indebted
traits of hypocrites. For example, Abu to Ibn Qayyim's meticulous
Bakr Ja‘far ibn Mohammad al-Firyabi examination of Quranic verses on the
(d. 913), in his book Ṣifat al-Nifāq wa subject of hypocrisy.
Dhamm al-Munāfiqīn (The Among contemporary scholars, ‘Abd
Characteristics of Hypocrisy and the al-Raḥman Ḥasan Habannakah al-
Condemnation of Hypocrites), which Maydani, a Syrian writer, in his book
is among the earliest surviving Islamic Ẓāhirat al-Nifāq wa Khabā’ith al-
writings on the topic of hypocrisy, Munāfiqīn fī al-Tārīkh (The
compiled narrations from the Prophet, Phenomenon of Hypocrisy and the
his companions, and their successors Vices of Hypocrites in History), sought
in the following two sections: ‘The to explore the nature of hypocrisy.
Three Characteristics of Hypocrites’ Similarly, ‘Ali Reza Mohseni Tabrizī,
and ‘Those Who Feared Falling into Maḥmoud Rajabi, and ‘Ali Salimi in
Hypocrisy.’ their article Tabyīn-e Ijtimā‘ī-ye Nifāq:
After him, Hafiz Abu Na‘īm al- Olgu’i Talfīqi bar Asās-e Āmūze-hā-ye
Iṣfahānī (d. 1038), in his book Ṣifat al- Qur’ānī (A Sociological Explanation of
Nifāq wa Na‘t al-Munāfiqīn min al- Hypocrisy: An Integrative Model Based
Sunan al-Ma’thūrah ‘an Rasūl Allāh on Quranic Teachings), published in
(The Characteristics of Hypocrisy and Fall/Winter 2012 of the biannual journal
Description of the Hypocrites based on Naẓariye-ha-e Ijtimā‘ī-ye Mutafakkiran-
Prophetic Traditions) collected 181 e Musalman [Social Theories of Muslim
narrations from the Holy Prophet, His Thinkers], have aimed to demonstrate
companions, and their successors, the social dimensions of hypocrisy and
deriving the titles of each chapter from analyze cultural variables at the micro,
the first Ḥadīth in that chapter. Ibn intermediate, and macro levels using
Qayyim al-Jawzī (d. 1350), authored Quranic verses.
Ṣifāt al-Munāfiqīn (The Characteristics
of Hypocrites), in which he categorized Research Methodology
hypocrisy into the following two types: The research employs a descriptive-
Nifāq Akbar (major hypocrisy) and analytical methodology to explore the
Nifāq Aṣghar (minor hypocrisy). He behaviors of hypocrites in Medina
then provided Quranic verses related to during the Prophet Muhammad’s era as
each type and described the moral examples of an undesirable lifestyle. The
traits of hypocrites, condemning their descriptive approach gathers and
behaviors. It can be asserted that many organizes data from Quranic verses,
Prophetic traditions, and historical
