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In technical usage, the term Nifāq
refers to a psychological state where
an individual outwardly professes
Islam while inwardly remaining a
disbeliever (cf. ʿAskarī, 1980, p. 223).
This state is precisely the opposite of
Taqīyya [dissimulation], in which a
believer conceals their faith while
outwardly displaying something else
(cf. Muẓaffarī, 2022, p. 43).
Additionally, Nifāq is defined as
entering Islam through one door and
leaving it through another (cf. Ibn
Manẓūr, 1993, Vol. 10, p. 359). Thus,
a person exhibiting the psychological
state of hypocrisy is referred to as a
Munāfiq (hypocrite), which is the
active participle of the Mufa'ala form
derived from this root.
3. Islamic Morality
Morality refers to the degree of
conformity to the moral principles
acquired by a society. (Leaman, 2008,
p. 414). Islamic morality is therefore
rooted in the Quran and the Prophet's
sayings and actions. Many good
character traits/moral qualities such as
kindness (to people and animals),
charity, forgiveness, honesty, patience,
justice, respecting parents and elders,
keeping promises, and controlling
one's anger, are commanded or
encouraged in verses in the Quran and
Ḥadīth (Ibid, p. 416).
This moral framework was crucial in
shaping the community in Medina,
where the Prophet encouraged believers
to adopt a lifestyle of compassion and
righteousness.
4. Medina Society
The society of Medina during the
Prophet’s era was diverse, consisting of
Muslims, Jews, and other groups, each
with distinct beliefs and interests
(Mubarakpuri, 2004, p. 60). The
establishment of Islam as the dominant
faith and the formation of a unified
Muslim community brought about
social and political transformations.
However, some individuals, particularly
those with personal or tribal interests,
displayed outward allegiance to Islam
while secretly opposing its principles.
This dual-faced approach led to internal
discord and challenges in governance,
prompting Quranic revelations that
exposed their deceitful behaviors and
warned the Muslim community of their
harmful influence.
Literature Review
Although numerous literary works have
been written on healthy lifestyles and
the Islamic lifestyle, as well as various
studies addressing the characteristics of
the hypocrites during the Prophet's era,
no work has been identified that
specifically analyzes the behaviors of
the hypocrites in Medina during the
Prophet's era as an undesirable lifestyle.
However, there are writings by
various scholars that closely align
with the subject of this article. Hence,
it can be claimed that the literature