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Examining Applied Models of Humanities… M. J. Hasanzadeh Mashkani (93

Theoretical Foundations 3. Islamic Resistance Models:
Faith-Based Empowerment
1. Quranic Womanhood: Divine
Blueprint for Female Identity The Quran memorializes women who
The Quran establishes women as resisted oppression through diverse
independent beings endowed with strategies—Āsīya’s defiance of tyranny
intrinsic dignity (The Quran, 4: 1) and (The Quran, 28: 9), Maryam’s
equal spiritual capacity (The Quran, steadfastness against stigma (The Quran,
33: 35). This identity transcends 19: 20–22), and Jochebed’s strategic

cultural or historical limitations, protection of Moses (The Quran, 28: 7).
offering a timeless framework where These models provide a template for
women’s roles—as scholars, leaders, contemporary struggles, validating that
and moral exemplars—are derived resistance may manifest as public
from divine revelation rather than activism, quiet perseverance, or
societal norms. Figures like Āsīya intellectual leadership, all grounded in
(The Quran, 66:1 1) and Maryam (The Tawḥīd (divine unity) and moral courage.
Quran, 3: 42) exemplify this 4. Spiritual Equity: The

paradigm, demonstrating how Quranic Foundation of Gender Justice
womanhood integrates faith, intellect, The Quran unequivocally states that
and resilience without conflating women and men are equally
equality with uniformity. accountable and rewarded for their

2. Gender Complementarity: deeds (The Quran, 40: 40; 49: 13).
Balance Without Hierarchy This spiritual parity undermines any
Islamic teachings affirm that men and theological justification for
women share equal ontological worth discrimination, establishing that

but fulfill complementary social and proximity to God depends solely on
biological functions (The Quran, 2: piety and action, not gender. Verses
228; 4: 34). This principle rejects both like The Quran, 33:35—which parallel
patriarchal oppression and unisex the virtues expected of both sexes—
homogenization, recognizing that reinforce that societal roles must never
distinctions in roles (e.g., motherhood, compromise this fundamental equity.

leadership) serve collective flourishing. 5. Revelational Feminism: An
The Quran’s emphasis on mutual Islamic Liberation Framework
responsibility (The Quran, 9: 71) and Distinct from secular feminism,
equitable reward (The Quran, 3: 195) Quranic teachings offer a liberation
ensures that complementarity never theology that combines rights (e.g.,
justifies inequality but rather reflects inheritance, education) with spiritual
divine wisdom in creation. purpose. Revelational feminism